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Showing posts with label power. Show all posts
Showing posts with label power. Show all posts

Saturday, 18 February 2012

Expanded Portable Power MOSFET Portfolio


Feb 8, 2012 11:23 AM

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Alpha and Omega Semiconductor introduced the AON7418, adding to a growing portfolio of power MOSFETs in small, ultra-thin packages. The new device provides exceptionally low on-resistance that is optimized for demanding applications such as tablet PCs, eReaders, notebooks, telecom and networking.

AON7418 is a 30V N-channel device implemented on AOS' proprietary AlphaMOS technology, with a 1.7 m? RDS(ON) at 10V, QG of 23 nC, 50A ID and 25?C. AlphaMOS technology improves RDS(ON) by 40% over the previous generation. The device provides power designers the flexibility in optimizing space, performance and cost.

AON7418 is in halogen-free DFN3.3x3.3 package and is 100% UIS and RG tested. It is immediately available in production quantities with a lead-time of 12 weeks. The unit price for 1,000 pieces is $0.70.


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IC Pair Exhibits Less Than 10 mW No-Load Input Power Consumption


Feb 14, 2012 5:00 PM

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ON Semiconductor's NCP1246 is a fixed-frequency current-mode controller featuring Dynamic Self-Supply. This function greatly simplifies the design of the auxiliary supply and the Vcc capacitor by activating the internal startup current source to supply the controller during start-up, transients, latch, stand-by etc. This device contains a special HV detector which detects the application unplug from the AC input line and triggers the X2 discharge current. The HV structure also includes brown-out detection circuitry.

The NCP1246 features a timer-based fault detection that ensures the detection of overload and an adjustable power compensation to help keep the maximum power independent of the input voltage. Due to frequency foldback, the controller exhibits excellent efficiency in light load condition while still achieving very low standby power consumption. Internal frequency jittering, ramp compensation, and a versatile latch input make this controller an excellent candidate for robust power supply designs.

A dedicated off mode allows the SMPS to reach extremely low no load input power consumption when combined with secondary side controller NCP4353 or NCP4354. When used together, the SMPS is capable of achieving <10 mW no load input power consumption. The secondary side controller signals the NCP1246 to enter a sleep mode, minimizing the power consumption of the control circuitry.

The NCP4353 and NCP4354 are secondary side SMPS controllers designed for use in applications which require extremely low no load power consumption. The device is capable of detecting 'no load' conditions and entering the power supply into a low consumption OFF mode. During OFF mode, the primary side controller is turned off and energy is provided by the output capacitors thus eliminating the power consumption required to maintain regulation. During OFF mode, the output voltage relaxes and is allowed to decrease to an adjustable level. Once more energy is required, the NCP4353 or NCP4354 automatically restarts the primary side controller.

During normal power supply operation, the devices provide integrated voltage feedback regulation, replacing the need for a shunt regulator. The A versions include a current regulation loop in addition to voltage regulation. Feedback control as well as ONOFF signal can be provided with only one optocoupler.

The NCP4354 includes a LED driver pin implemented with an open drain MOSFET driven by a 1 kHz square wave with a 12.5% duty cycle for indication purpose. The NCP4354 is available in SOIC-8 package and the NCP4353 is available in TSOP-6.


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Friday, 17 February 2012

Buy a power supply and get a complimentary handheld DMM

Buy any E3600 bench power supply and get a FREE U1272A Handheld Digital Multimeter

Eligible models: E361XA, E3620A, E363XA, E364XA.

Promotion period: February 1, 2012 – July 31, 2012.
Promotion valid for United States and Canada only.

The U1272A handheld digital multimeter is robust and ruggedly enclosed within a dust and water resistant casing (certified to IP 54). It comes with low impedance mode, low pass filter and offset compensation that help you improve productivity and efficiency.

To redeem your reward, contact your distributor and quote promotion code: 5.864


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Last chance: Enter to win an N6705B DC power analyzer

Sorry, I could not read the content fromt this page.

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Wednesday, 8 February 2012

Power Supply Reference: Consumption, Savings, And More

Tom's Hardware and Que Publishing are partnering up to give you four chapters from Scott Mueller's Upgrading And Repairing PCs, 20th Edition. This sixth and final installment is the second half of the forth chapter we're making available from Scott's book, which covers Power Supply Usage Factors. Don't forget to check out the previous chapters published on Tom's Hardware, Computer History 101: The Development Of The PC, Hard Drives 101: Magnetic Storage, LAN 101: Networking Basics,  LAN 102: Network Hardware And Assembly and Power Supply Reference: Specifications.

When expanding or upgrading your PC, ensure that your power supply is capable of providing sufficient current to power all the system’s internal devices. One way to see whether your system is capable of expansion is to calculate the levels of power consumption by the various system components in your system, and then compare that to the rating on the power supply to see if it is up to the job. This calculation can also help you decide whether you must upgrade the power supply to a more capable unit. Unfortunately, these calculations can be difficult to make accurately because many manufacturers do not publish detailed power consumption data for their products. In some cases, you can find the specs from a similar component and go by that data instead. Usually components of the same basic design, capability, and vintage have relatively the same power consumption characteristics. The following table shows the range of power usage for typical PC components I’ve observed over the past few years.

Component 
Power UsageCommentsMotherboardDepends on the number of integrated components.ProcessorFor each physical processor (not cores). Most are 50 W–100 W.Integrated videoIntegrated into the North Bridge chip (Ed.: Though, increasingly on the CPU).Hard disk driveFor each drive. Power use increased during startup.


Of course, power consumption can vary greatly for different devices such as processors and video cards, so if you want to be more informed, consult the data sheets or technical manuals for your specific components. Also, these overall wattage figures do not give the breakdown covering which of the rails (+3.3 V, +5 V, or +12 V) each device will use. In some cases, the combination of components used can exceed the available power on a single rail while still being under budget for the total wattage available from all the rails combined. That is in fact one reason that people end up purchasing a power supply with a much higher watt rating than might seem necessary.

After you’ve added up everything I recommend, multiply the total power consumed by all your components by 1.5 to estimate the size of power supply required. This allows some headroom for future expansion and accounts for the fact that at certain times some devices can draw much more than their nominal power.

If you want an easier way to calculate your estimated power requirements, Asus has a fairly good power supply wattage calculator that you can use online at the following URL: http://support.asus.com/PowerSupplyCalculator/PSCalculator.aspx. After you fill in all the fields with the components in the intended system, the calculator gives you an estimate of the minimum power supply rating you should choose to power the system.

Different types of bus slots can provide different levels of power for cards. Fortunately, it is rare for any cards other than video cards to use the maximum allowable power. The table below shows the maximum power available per slot for different bus types.

Maximum Available Power per Bus SlotBus Type+3.3 V Current (Amps)+5 V Current (Amps)+12 V Current (Amps)Total Power (Watts)


The biggest cause of power supply overload problems has historically been filling up the expansion slots (especially with multiple video cards), using high-powered processors, and adding more drives. Multiple hard drives, optical drives, and floppy drives can create quite a drain on the system power supply. Be sure you have enough +12 V power to run all the drives you plan to install. Tower systems can be especially problematic because they have so many drive bays. Just because the case has room for the devices doesn’t mean the power supply can support them. Be sure you have enough power to run all your expansion cards, especially video cards. However, remember that most cards draw less than the maximum allowed. Today’s newest processors can have high current requirements for the +5 V or +3.3 V supplies. When you’re selecting a power supply for your system, it pays to be conservative, so be sure to take into account future upgrades or additions to the system.

Many people wait until an existing component fails to replace it with an upgraded version. If you are on a tight budget, this “if it ain’t broke, don’t fix it” attitude might be necessary. Power supplies, however, often do not fail completely all at once; they can fail in an intermittent fashion or allow fluctuating power levels to reach the system, which results in unstable operation. You might be blaming system lockups on software bugs when the culprit is an overloaded power supply. In addition, an inadequate or failing supply causing lockups can result in file system corruption, which causes even further system instabilities (which could remain even after you replace the power supply). If you use bus-powered USB devices, a failing power supply can also cause these devices to fail or malfunction. If you have been running your original power supply for a long time and have upgraded your system in other ways, you should expect some problems, and you might want to consider reloading the OS and applications from scratch.

Although there is certainly an appropriate place for the exacting power-consumption calculations you’ve read about in this section, a great many experienced PC users prefer the “don’t worry about it” power calculation method. This technique consists of buying or building a system with a good-quality 500-watt or higher power supply (or upgrading to such a supply in an existing system) and then upgrading the system freely, without concern for power consumption.


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Tuesday, 7 February 2012

How THG Tests Power Supplies

No power, no dice: it's really that simple. All components in a PC system need electricity, and ever-increasing amounts of it, so the power supply has to come up with the goods. Manufacturers can claim what they like, but the claims don't always translate into reality, and very few users have a good idea about the power drawn by the individual components.

This is why we test power supplies ourselves. To help you understand the procedure we use, we will now shed some light on the issues involved, and explain our testing procedure.

Performance is always at the top of the list of a power supply's features, but the trick is to find out the device's actual power output, and whether voltages lie within the specified values. Voltage tolerances at all load levels are described in the ATX12V Power Supply Design Guide. This document is the technical basis for all power supplies, and the standards it contains are used for all our measurements.

We employ a special platform to test loads on power supplies. At its core are four electronic high-performance loads, each of which can handle a maximum current of 50 amperes. This setup enables us to record measurements extremely accurately. Conventional adjustable resistors are used for the standby voltage and the rarely used -12V and -5V paths. A network filter ensures that any interference pulses from the network do not distort our measurements.


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Enthusiast Power Protection: Four-Way 900 W UPS Roundup

It's downright negligent to ignore the power needs of your high-end hardware. While many power users go to the trouble of tracking down solid PSUs, we recommend going a step further and investing in battery backup. We round up four enthusiast units.

Few events are more upsetting than getting to the toughest part of a game and having your PC go down. Less traumatic (but still troublesome) are situations like losing a video only seconds before you’re done re-encoding it. Even losing a carefully-written email before it can be sent is enough to push some Tom's Hardware editors past the edge of sanity (Ed.: *raises hand*).

Enthusiasts often rely on little more than a surge protector to keep their hardware safe. But these devices can’t prevent brownouts from resetting a computer, nor can they prevent blackouts from stopping the computer in its tracks completely. The inevitable result is lost work, even when that “work” is an entertainment-oriented task.

While mainstream users have long been able to buy low-cost uninterruptable power supplies, the unique demands of enthusiast-class hardware have often put this type of protection out of reach.

A quick look at the specifications recommended by four top UPS manufacturers for our enthusiast build could help to explain the enormous price disparity. 

 Tripp Lite SmartPro
SMART1500SLT


Notice that all of the units in today’s review produce something that approximates a true sine wave, something that costs far more to produce than the stepped square waves of lower-cost parts. We’ll explain why this is so important on our next page, before going into the individual characteristics that make each model special.


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Power Supply 101: A Reference Of Specifications

Tom's Hardware and Que Publishing are partnering up to give you four chapters from Scott Mueller's Upgrading And Repairing PCs, 20th Edition. This fifth installment is the beginning of the forth chapter we're making available from Scott's book, which covers Power Supply Fundamentals. Don't forget to check out the previous chapters published on Tom's Hardware, Computer History 101: The Development Of The PC, Hard Drives 101: Magnetic Storage, LAN 101: Networking Basics, and LAN 102: Network Hardware And Assembly. In the days to come, we'll also present a comprehensive look at Power Supply usage factors.

The power supply is not only one of the most important parts in a PC, it is unfortunately one of the most overlooked. Although most enthusiasts who build their own systems understand its importance, the mainstream PC buyer generally does not. Some that do pay any mind seem concerned only with how many watts of power it is rated to put out (even though no practical way exists to verify those ratings), without regard to whether the power being produced is clean and stable or whether it is full of noise, spikes, and surges.

I have always placed great emphasis on selecting a power supply for my systems. I consider the power supply the foundation of the system and am willing to spend a little extra to get a more robust and reliable unit. The power supply is critical because it supplies electrical power to every other component in the system. In my experience, the power supply is also one of the most failure-prone components in any computer system. Over the years I have replaced more power supplies in PCs than any other part. A malfunctioning power supply not only can cause other components in the system to malfunction, but it also can damage the other components in your computer by delivering improper or erratic voltages. Because of its importance to proper and reliable system operation, you should understand both the function and limitations of a power supply, as well as its potential problems and their solutions.

The basic function of the power supply is to convert the electrical power available at the wall socket to that which the computer circuitry can use. The power supply in a conventional desktop system is designed to convert either 120 V (nominal) 60 Hz AC (alternating current) or 240 V (nominal) 50 Hz AC power into +3.3 V, +5 V, and +12 V DC (direct current) power. Some power supplies require you to switch between the two input ranges, whereas others auto-switch.

Technically, the power supply in most PCs is described as a constant voltage switching power supply unit (PSU), which is defined as follows:

Constant voltage means the power supply puts out the same voltage to the computer’s internal components, no matter the voltage of AC current running it or the capacity (wattage) of the power supply.Switching refers to the design and power regulation technique that most suppliers use. Compared to other types of power supplies, this design provides an efficient and inexpensive power source and generates a minimum amount of heat. It also maintains a small size and
low price.

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Monday, 6 February 2012

80 PLUS Gold: Four Efficient 700-850 W Power Supplies

Gamers and enthusiasts are always on the lookout for crème de la crème hardware. It's easy to pick winning CPUs and graphics cards; less so for PSUs. We put four 80 PLUS Gold devices from Antec, FSP, Seasonic, and SilverStone under the magnifying glass.

Computer stores are fond of advertising high-end PCs for power users. Although those systems can't hide behind weak processors or sub-standard graphics cards, unscrupulous builders do manage to save costs by using poorly-built or insufficiently-capable power supplies. Unfortunately, while they might work for a time, we've heard too many horror stories about performance-oriented configurations going up in smoke after a cheap PSU cried havoc and let slip the dogs of war.

In many expensive computers, cheap PSUs are a silent threat not only to general stability, but also long-term component health. The real high-end power supplies that you can appreciate years from now (but might not consider worth the extra premium today) often don't make the cut because of the fact that they cost more. All the devices included in this roundup are suitable for almost any enthusiast PC with a discrete graphics card or two.

We requested power supplies from a number of vendors able to provide a total output between 700 and 900 W, and achieve efficiency able to meet the 80 PLUS Gold standard. With Antec, FSP, Seasonic, and SilverStone in the mix, only brand name devices are represented.

The 80 PLUS standard emerged from the Generalized Internal Power Supply Efficiency Test Protocol, which was created by Ecos & EPRI almost 10 years ago. In 2004, 80 PLUS was specified as an initiative, and Seasonic was the first PSU maker to provide a compliant product by 2005. Only a year later, the Energy Star 4.0 specifications added 80 PLUS requirements. This spec went into effect in 2007 and it only took a few months for the industry to create hundreds of 80 PLUS-compliant products.

However, 80% efficiency clearly wasn’t enough. It quickly became obvious that higher efficiency is possible, and 80 PLUS revised the standard and added Bronze, Silver, and Gold certifications for even higher-efficiency power supplies. By October 2009, a Platinum standard was added for efficiency above 90%. Here is a quick overview on 80 PLUS efficiency level certifications:

80 PLUS Test Type115 V Internal Non-Redundant230 V Internal Redundant


While the step from 80 PLUS to 80 PLUS Platinum is significant and may translate into significant differences in power consumption, the steps between the three mainstream certifications (Bronze, Silver, and Gold) are less spectacular. Typically it makes very little sense to spend a lot of extra money upfront for an 80 PLUS device in an effort to save money on the power bill over time.

Effectively, reasonable devices with 80 PLUS Bronze or Silver certifications should do the trick. However, prices for Gold-certified 80 PLUS PSUs have come down quite a bit, and considering such a device is smart not only for its improved efficiency, but also because you can be even more confident in typically-great build quality. If you’re already on your way to spending big money on enthusiast hardware, it might make sense to spend a few more dollars on a superior power supply.

Without spilling the results right out of the gate, we can say that all of the 80 PLUS Gold PSUs we tested performed their tasks very well. And, aside from a few small lapses, they are highly suitable for use in real high-end PCs.


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Bang For Your Buck: Four 500 W Power Supplies Reviewed

Enthusiasts often say that you can never have too much performance. However, a 500W power supply is perfectly ample for a majority of mid-range PCs. This is one of those cases where a solid ratio of performance to price is preferable to gross excess.

Editor's Note: If you want more background on how power supply testing plays out here at Tom's Hardware, I recommend that you check out Soon At Tom's Hardware: Full-Scale Power Supply Testing before reading this piece.

Special attention gets paid to the power supply unit (PSU) these days, primarily in the high-performance and gaming community. No wonder, as the requirements of top-shelf PCs with multiple processors and modern 3D graphics cards are constantly increasing. Such computers will suck 800 W or more from the power supply under load, and for short periods that number can be substantially higher.

On the other hand, power supplies are often forgotten in offices and for everyday multimedia applications. Truth be told, compact and mid-range PCs don't require a high-performance power supply. However, investing in a high-quality power supply can pay off in several ways.

First, a good PSU guarantees a reliable and consistent supply of power to all components. This can help extend component longevity. Second, a highly energy efficient PSU helps reduce the energy consumption of a home or office. Additionally, other aspects, such as ergonomics, cable modularity, and cable length can simplify or complicate PC assembly. PSUs with good build quality also prevent nicked fingers or a less-than-optimal fit during installation. Trust us. We've seen it all.

We gathered a few mid-range models for this roundup. A top street price of $150 was our only prerequisite, and we settled on four 500 W models from Cooler Master, Enermax, FSP, and SilverStone. The coveted 80 PLUS logo is emblazoned on each box, except for SilverStone's.


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PC Power Supplies: More Important than You Think

Computers keep increasing their capabilities and their performance. These characteristics not only contribute to increases in their purchase costs, but also their costs of operation, particularly when it comes to power. Although AMD and Intel have curbed their high-flying ways - where CPUs with total power levels of up to 130 Watts were tamed using SpeedStep or Cool'n'Quiet - ATI/AMD and Nvidia's graphics cards continue to consume stratospheric amounts of wattage. As we reported in our German-language coverage Power-hungry Graphics Cards, power consumption levels at or over 200 Watts are not unusual. In dual-card configurations built around SLI or Crossfire technologies, graphics processing can add 500 watts or more to a system's total power consumption.

Such massive needs for power must be satisfied, and power supply manufacturers have reacted to meet them. At this year's Computex Taipei, numerous vendors introduced power supplies - also known as power supply units (PSUs) - rated as high as 2000 W. Gigabyte is one vendor that serves many global markets, and is perhaps best known for its motherboards and graphics cards. At that show, it introduced a new family of power supplies named Odin, after the one-eyed chief of the Norse pantheon, with capacities rated at 550, 680 and 800 Watts.

Power users and case modders alike have quested after the perfect PSU for some time now, driven as much by needs for high-end components as aesthetics and "bling". Thanks to the continuing debate on global climate change, this quest has begun to register for both OEM PC vendors and normal PC users as well. The following questions remain to be answered, however: "Are such monster power supplies really important?" and "Who really needs them, anyway?"

Join our discussion on this topic


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Sunday, 5 February 2012

Three 1000 W 80 PLUS Gold-Certified Power Supplies Tested

We received a trio of 1000 W power supplies priced between $200 and $300, so we ran them through our usual suite of tests to see if they really live up to their 80 PLUS Gold certifications. Surprisingly, all three hiccuped during efficiency testing.

It's easy enough to assume that 80 PLUS Gold-certified PSUs with power ratings in excess of 1000 W are not built with the broad masses in mind. It takes a serious configuration to require such high power delivery ceilings. Nevertheless, the findings in this roundup make it pretty clear how much importance the manufacturers attach to the quality of their products. Even the slightest deficiency is exposed immediately at such high loads, and the negative effects on energy efficiency are often quite severe. We received three PSUs for this piece, and we put them all through our gauntlet.

Compared to our recent roundup of gaming PSUs where the manufacturers almost buried us in test samples, the range of products is much more manageable in the high-end space. We're looking at two 1000 W PSUs from OCZ and Rosewill, along with a 1250 W PSU from Sparkle. Can the Sparkle PSU exploit its significant power rating advantage in any way? And how will these 80 PLUS Gold perform at the low loads typical of an idle PC?

Also Tested: Standby Power Consumption, EuP Standard

The European Union’s Eco-design Directive 2009/125/EC, also known as the EuP (short for Energy-using Product), contains increased stringency regarding the standby mode power consumption of PSUs from the year 2010. As more and more manufacturers are advertising the EuP certification on their PSUs, we are introducing the appropriate test methods in our reviews. Unlike previous standby measurements made with the 5 V-sb rail active, there are no loads on the rails in the EuP tests. The PSU must manage a standby power consumption of less than 1 W.


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Picking The Right Power Supply: What You Should Know

How does a power supply work? Why is it important to choose a sufficiently powerful and efficient model? We guide you through discussions of efficiency and tips for getting the best deal before we go on to explain why less can be more in the PSU market.

This piece is for the folks who'd like to learn more about about the facts, technologies, and terminology behind PC power supplies.

Don't worry; this won’t be complicated or boring. We’ll just quickly explain how a switching PSU works, then use examples to illustrate some of the most common technical issues. We’ll explain what efficiency, loss, and reactive power mean, and why those words are relevant to you. Then we’ll look at the possible and (more importantly) necessary protective measures before applying theoretical knowledge to practical examples.

Big versus small, efficient versus high-performance; we're going to examine three different PCs based on a trio of different usage models, calculate the power supplies they really need, and then explain the right class of PSU to use in them based on quality and long-term environmental impact.

Remember those ancient radios with the vacuum tubes? They were massively built and tended to be clunky, heavy, very functional-looking things. However, it wasn’t just the wooden frame contributing to their weight. The large, massive transformers added their part as well.

The point is, even back then, clever engineers were taking advantage of a neat trick of physics that would later come to be used in every modern switching power supply. In order to convert a high alternating current into a low one and achieve galvanic separation of currents, they used normal, albeit powerful, transformers with a core made of iron plates.

While a mains frequency of 60 Hz required a comparatively large transformer, the so-called output transformers that delivered much higher low-frequency signals between 100 Hz and 16 kHz could be built much smaller while handling the same power. By aggressively capping the frequencies at the lower end of the spectrum, it was possible to increase the power that could be handled by a transformer of the same size. With the invention and subsequent introduction of new components, such as powerful switching tubes, and later, semiconductors using the same underlying physical principle, this advantage was carried over into other fields, opening up new possibilities.

Due to the high overall power requirements of modern computers, a conventional transformer-based PSU is no longer capable of converting the mains power into the low voltages required by PC components. The transformer required for the job would be too large and consequently far too heavy. Instead, we use switching power supplies that employ the same frequency trick as the good old tube radio. Their job is to provide the required voltages and currents as efficiently as possible, while also reliably maintaining those levels. Analog (linear) solutions are no longer viable solutions. Instead, we now rely on transistors as switches to convert the mains power into higher frequencies, allowing us to use smaller transformers to transmit high power levels. Indeed, this is where the term “switching power supply” comes from. We’ll cover how those work in more detail in the next chapter. Don’t worry, it’s all simpler than you might think.


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Sub-$75 Mainstream Power Supply Roundup

In our last PSU article, we reviewed a bunch of relatively expensive high-performance devices suitable for powerful gaming computers and workstations. The average user typically prefers something a little bit more affordable, though, which is why today we're reviewing a handful of PSUs that can be found for around $75.

The potential reasons for buying a new PSU are many. Perhaps you've added a new graphics card, upgraded to a high-performance CPU, or are just replacing a faulty unit. A normal system usually doesn't require a high-end PSU. In most cases, the consumer is simply on the lookout for a cheap (and at the same time reliable) power supply at a reasonable price, so that's precisely what we decided to look at here.

The request we sent to manufacturers was simple: send us PSUs with a maximum street price of $75, regardless of wattage, features, or 80 PLUS certifications. What do you get in this price range?

Unexpected Early Goodbye

Our first test was originally made up of nine PSUs ranging from 400 to 500 W. We say "originally," because the AXP 500P12P died just as testing was getting started. With a load of 380 W, the 500 W PSU gave out a loud bang, sent sparks flying, and finally vanished in a smoky death. Since we were not expecting something like that at such an early phase in the testing, we'll give AXP the chance in a later article to prove that this was an isolated incident.

Then There Were Eight

Eight test candidates ultimately made it through the tests performed in our laboratory. Antec, Chieftec, Corsair, Enermax, FSP, Huntkey, Xigmatek, and a new AXP 500P12P were all included at capacity points between 380 to 500 W. That's enough power for most office and home entertainment computers. Despite a low street price of roughly $75, six of the PSUs even managed to achieve coveted 80 PLUS certifications. Antec, Chieftec, Corsair, Enermax, Xigmatek, and Huntkey all step things up with a Bronze-level cert. In order to earn that badge, PSUs must reach the following efficiency goals at 115 V: 82% at 20% of maximum power, 85% at 50% of maximum power, and 82% at 100% of the maximum power.

The AXP PSU can only do that under 230 V and thus cannot get certification. Similarly, the FSP PSU is only intended for 230 V applications and thus cannot receive the certification either. The pair of PSUs is completely useless here in the US. Nevertheless, our measurements will show whether they can still impress the European crowd.

Noticeable Differences In Quality

While we wanted to stay impartial before the testing, we couldn't help but notice the differences in quality during the unboxing process. Manufacturers tried to keep costs under control by skimping on the number of connectors, as well including shorter, lower-quality cables. None of these models feature a modular cabling design. Even the packaging is rather stripped-down. Further, the low weight of some PSUs at least suggests the use of cheaper components. This may not reflect immediately in testing. However, the power supplies might not last for as many years or support the same load strain as PSUs with higher caliber components.

Unfortunately, we did not get to see whether the PSU from AXP could hold its own against the other supplies, despite its lack of 80 PLUS approval. As with our first sample from the company, the second never even made it past the warm-up phase of testing. At a load of around 420 W (mind you, this is a 500 W PSU), several of the voltages rapidly dropped, the PSU produced some banging noises, sparks flew, and eventually the unit went up in smoke. After that, it wouldn't operate anymore and smelled like, well, fire. This video documents the failure of the PSU quite impressively. Check it out if you dig things going "pop."


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Who's Who In Power Supplies, 2011: Brands Vs. Manufacturers

Do you think that all power supplies are manufactured by the brand on the label? Think again. We show what makes a good PSU and reveal who builds them. You can actually find lots of quality (instead of just scrap metal) behind some of the budget labels.

With 472 entries associating power supply brands and manufacturers, our 2011 list is three times larger than it was last year. We owe a debt of thanks to all of the readers who sent us email and provided valuable feedback in the comments section of Who’s Who in Power Supplies: Brands, Labels, And OEMs. As of today, our list still doesn't cover all of the products on the market, an almost-impossible task due to the constantly fluctuating environment. But our database can at least help guide you away from costly bombs and toward true PSU bargains.

For those companies that don't manufacture their own products we list the most notable product series and, wherever possible, the associated base designs. This helps to classify unlabelled or rebadged power supplies based on a certain description or the use of a standard PCB.

Several new labels have started selling supplies from a handful of dubious manufacturers, and most of these products belong in the junk category. Low-cost PSUs are not suitable at all for serious systems. Widely-unknown labels are preceded by a questionable reputation, to say the least, and are often followed by smoke and an unpleasant aroma. Almost every time we try to give lesser-known units a chance, they invariably blow up in our faces. Soon, we'll publish another piece that helps identify some of the warning signs of a poorly-built power supply, hopefully preventing you from turning your next build into a ticking time bomb.

This article first appeared on November 12, 2010, and has since been added to and updated.

Who’s Who?

Let’s start by dividing the manufacturers into three large groups so we can better understand the database and how these companies are connected:

1. The OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers)

OEMs manage all of their production internally. They either exclusively design and manufacture their own PSUs (like Enermax) or design and manufacture their own brands, as well as manufacture PSUs designed by other companies (such as FSP, HEC, and SeaSonic). Some of them focus heavily on worldwide exports and provide a range of models, which are then sold under different labels. It's common to find otherwise-identical models marketed under many different names and labels. The industrial areas around Shenzhen, China, are the cradle of the lowest-priced PSUs sold all over the globe.

2. Designers: Without Their Own Production

The second group of companies also develops and designs their own products. However, they have to outsource either some or all of the manufacturing to other companies. One example of this is Be Quiet. Those familiar with the brand noted how Be Quiet P7 models were suddenly much better than the disappointing P6. The answer was simply a manufacturer change, from Topower to FSP. Other examples of designers include SilverStone, Corsair, PC Power & Cooling, and Tagan.

3. The Labels: With or Without Any Technical Involvement

Arguably, this group could be subdivided. Some importers of foreign PSUs that resell models under their own labels have a certain influence over the quality and choice of components, while others simply bring in some very cheap products, change the label, and resell them.

This third group is the most interesting one for price-oriented customers, though also the most uncertain for quality. You're as likely to score a bargain by getting a relabeled high-quality product at a lower price as you are to be disappointed by being too tight-fisted. Some good examples of products to watch are new models from Aerocool, which are essentially the Cougar units from Compucase/HEC with a discounted price and completely restyled exterior.

After many tests and inspections of budget models (by us, our readers, and friendly computer stores), we would advise you to steer your piggy banks clear of the labels Rasurbo, Inter-Tech (Sinan Power, Coba), Tech Solo, LC Power, RaptoxX, Tronje, Xilence, Ultron, World Link, Q-Tec, etc. We were able to identify some of these models without looking at the UL number simply by checking out the installed components. These were almost exclusively the simplest work of such manufacturers as Enhance, World Link, Andyson, Topower, Casing Macron, and Channel Well.

Lack of protection circuits, low efficiency, and bad build quality were major points of criticism. The lowest of the low was a European label called Hardwaremania24, targeted at OEM PCs. While still in standby mode, the PSU heated to about 176 degrees Fahrenheit, spent the next six hours billowing smoke, and finally made what might be described as a trumpeting sound before dying. The host computer was never even turned on. After analyzing the PSU, we found no protection at all save for a single slow fuse.


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Roundup: 12 Gaming Power Supplies Compared

Gamers demand a lot from their computers, starting with the PSU. Therefore, almost every PSU manufacturer sells products optimized for gaming PCs. We introduce ripple and noise testing in this roundup to further improve our power supply evaluations.

In previous power supply reviews, we focused on a specific power output range and tested performance and efficiency.

This time, we asked PSU manufacturers to send us products developed for a very specific and very demanding group: gamers. Are the so-called gaming PSUs really optimized for this segment? Or is that designation just an empty promise created by marketing departments? We looked at 12 different products to find answers.


New Test: Ripple & Noise

Following the requests of several manufacturers and our readers, we decided to include ripple and noise testing in our PSU reviews. According to the vendors asking about this test discipline, including these tests will highlight some obvious differences that should make it easy to draw conclusions regarding the electrical quality of a PSU, especially when it comes to high-performance units. As you'll see, this roundup will go on to show that not all manufacturers have done their homework in this area, and in some cases they don’t live up to our expectations--or the product specifications.

Ripple and noise testing is used to determine how accurately the circuits work to smooth out the DC voltage output. The goal is to produce a flat output, like you would get from a battery. Circuits of diodes and capacitors take care of this task as they convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). Depending on the quality of these rectifier modules and components, the result shows more or less ripple and electrical noise. According to the ATX specifications, this value is not to exceed 120 mV for the 12 V rails. For all other ATX PSU voltages, the limit is 50 mV. A power supply that doesn't exceed these tolerances is good to go.

Huge Assortment, Huge Test

Up until now, we've generally compared five PSUs in our roundups. This is a natural limitation of test products, since we're paying for time in a professional testing facility. But it’s probably also because we're asking for products in very specific segments in order to make the comparisons as relevant as possible.

This time, we asked the manufacturers to send us gaming-oriented PSU products, without providing any specific criteria, and we received a veritable avalanche of submissions. Therefore, this review offers a broad spectrum of the market, represented by a total of 12 PSUs. Their power ratings fall between 580 and 850 W, and the efficiency certifications range from 80 PLUS to 80 PLUS Gold. Prices differ quite a bit, with the cheapest starting at around $90, while the most expensive offerings sit around twice that number. In addition to the manufacturers represented in our previous tests, Antec, Chieftec, Cooler Master, Corsair, Cougar, Enermax, and Seasonic, this time we have four newcomers to our test labs: be quiet!, NZXT, OCZ, and Sparkle.


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Soon At Tom's Hardware: Full-Scale Power Supply Testing

Often overlooked, the power supply unit (PSU) plays a crucial role in supplying the PC with stable and sufficient power. Whether you only need a 300W PSU for a modest small form factor box or a 1,200W model for a gaming juggernaut, the quality of your power supply will not only affect the system's performance, but also its longevity.

Bad power can mean early failures...and there are plenty of bad PSUs out there waiting for the unwary. This is why we felt it necessary to start testing PSUs in order for our readers to make better component decisions.

Test equipment plays an important role when evaluating power supplies though, which is why it's such a difficult job to do properly. Only with the help of highly precise measurement instruments can we document the differences between comparable models in an objective and reproducible way. Tom's Hardware performs all of these tests in professional labs, just like the ones found in PSU manufacturing facilities, where we get access to equipment from Chroma. For those new to this space, Chroma is the de facto vendor of PSU testing equipment.

When testing, we measure the following details:

Standby power consumption at 230VInrush current at 115V and 230VEnergy efficiency at 20, 50, and 100% of the stated maximum sustained load at 115V and 230V (according to the 80 PLUS consortium's certification)Energy efficiency at 25W, 50W, 85W, 300W, and 500W of power draw at 115V and 230VHold Up Time after losing power input at 115V and 230V12V rail overload test at 110% of the specified maximum sustained loadShort circuit test at 115V and 230VMeasurement of the temperature difference between intake and exhaust air (maximum delta) at 115V and 230V


In addition to the above mentioned values, Tom's Hardware also takes into account the ergonomics of the PSU and its accessories. This includes features like the the length and design of the cables, cable modularity, and any useful accessories. All important technical data will be presented in a table.


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Saturday, 4 February 2012

Set up channels quickly and easily with the new U8030 Series power supplies

375W DC Power SuppliesAgilent extended its family of basic power supplies to include the U8030 Series, a 375-watt, manual triple-output power supply. Both models, the U8031A and U8032A, are designed to include an output sequencing function which allow power supply outputs to be set with just a few button presses. Coupled with a set of intuitive keypads, desired output power can be set quickly and easily to perform margin tests, burn-in tests and other general purpose tasks in an industrial setting. The U8030 series also offers low output noise, excellent load regulation and a set of enhanced safety features with OVP, OCP and physical lock mechanism. With these, you get a solid bench power supply plus a set of convenient and easy to use features.


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N6700 modular power system: 7 new high-power modules up to 500 watts

Agilent N6700 Modular Power System Family


N6700 Modular Power System Family

A choice of four powerful mainframes and over 30 DC power modules – the broadest choice in the industryThree performance levels – choose the exact capability necessary for the taskUp to four modules per mainframecreate your unique multiple-output, integrated power systemUp to 150 V, up to 50 A, up to 500 W per outputGPIB, USB & LAN (LXI-C) all standard

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Friday, 3 February 2012

The eGaN® FET-Silicon Power Shoot-Out Vol. 7: Buck Converters

It is commonly held that, as the voltage requirement of an application increases, the performance advantage of using eGaN FETs also increases. But when comparing switching Figure of Merit (FOM) (RDS(ON) x QGD) between silicon FETs and eGaN FETs versus voltage (Fig. 1), we can see that eGaN FETs have a significant advantage over the MOSFETs across the entire voltage range. However, when considering switching FOM alone, the advantage at 200 V seems to diminish compared to state-of-the-art MOSFETs. The actual in-circuit performance advantage of eGaN power devices, however, could be even larger due to its lack of diode reverse recovery (QRR) [4]. In contrast, at the lower end of the eGaN FET voltage range, the in-circuit performance advantage may actually be less dramatic than the FOM suggests due to the reduced importance of QRR and the increased importance of the body diode forward voltage drop.

Furthermore, as the required device voltage decreases below that of the currently available eGaN FET voltage range, other silicon switching solutions such as LDMOS-based devices (with or without vertical termination) become a viable alternative, but eGaN FET technology is still in an early stage of development and as it progresses it will lead to greater and greater performance advantage at both lower and higher voltages. In this article, two different voltage conversion range buck applications are presented and their results compared with similar state of the art silicon MOSFET devices.


Low-voltage buck application


There are many point-of-load (POL) applications suited for buck converters that typically operate from either 5 V or 12 V supply rails. At lower voltage and current, the power MOSFETs can be monolithically integrated, while hybrid modules and discrete solutions are popular for higher currents and voltages. Depending on the required load power, currents of up to 20 A per phase are typical, although single phase outputs as high as 40 A are possible. For higher load currents, such as voltage regulation modules (VRM), multiple buck phases are interleaved to improve efficiency and dynamic response. Faster dynamic response and the higher bandwidths demanded by the evolving power architecture of V-core and other sensitive loads will influence the faster adoption of eGaN FET-based POL solutions. The megahertz range of switching frequencies achievable enables the use of smaller inductors and capacitors, thereby offering smaller size and lower systems costs for eGaN FET-based POL Systems. Portable applications running off batteries (10 V ? 12 V) specify a minimum efficiency requirement that must be complied with, yet compatibility with an external adapter typically requires 19 V operation; all this while operating within thermal design limits. This 19 V input requirement means that 30 V (or higher) MOSFET devices are required. Although load voltages vary, it is customary to compare converters at 1.2 V output.


For this comparison, an EPC9101 eGaN FET demonstration board [5] was used and compared to the same buck controller?s MOSFET demonstration board DC1640A-B [6], which was modified to match the EPC9101?s input and output capacitors, inductor and operating frequency. Furthermore, the default MOSFETs were also replaced with MOSFETs of similar RDS(ON) as the eGaN FETs. Photos of these boards as tested are shown side-by-side in Fig. 2. Input and output voltage was measured as close as possible to the actual converter circuit using the voltage sensing terminals provided on the boards. A summary of the test setup is given in Table 1. Since the higher forward voltage of eGaN FETs body diode is of concern in this application, when first measuring efficiency the dead-time was increased to include approximately 10 ns of body diode conduction at each switching edge (20 ns per cycle). A 3 A Schottky diode was also added in parallel with the EPC2015 device and the efficiency was measured again. The 12 V and 19 V input efficiency results for these test conditions are given in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, respectively.


The addition of roughly 20 ns of diode conduction per cycle decreased the eGaN FET based converter efficiency by about two to three percentage points over the input voltage range. At light load (below 3A) however, the efficiency actually increased slightly as this additional dead-time allowed for self commutation of the switch-node voltage. Using a small amount of dead-time for optimum full load operation also meant that forced commutation occurred at light load [7]. The addition of a Schottky diode significantly improved efficiency and was almost as effective as optimizing the switch timing. Under all tested operating conditions the eGaN FET-based converter?s efficiency was higher than that of the equivalent MOSFET circuit by between three and seven percentage points. In fact, optimum eGaN FET operation at 19 V input yielded higher efficiency than the equivalent MOSFETs operating at 12 V input.


Mid-voltage Buck application


For higher voltages beyond the capability of 30 V MOSFETs, the application space becomes varied with no specific high-volume applications. Almost all telecom converters use -48 V supplies, thus requiring isolation for step-down to +12 V or +24 V bussing; while for computing and networking equipment that use a positive 48 V bus, the use of a buck converter is possible only where there are no mandatory isolation requirements. Regardless of the actual application, the MOSFET and eGaN FET can still be compared for this mid-voltage range by considering a more generic buck application given in Table 2.


For comparison, two mid-voltage Buck demonstration boards [8, 9] were used to compare the eGaN FETs with MOSFETs. Both standard demonstration circuits were modified to have identical input and output capacitors, inductor and operating frequency. A photo of the two boards side-by-side as tested is shown in Fig. 5. As with the low-voltage comparison, the MOSFET devices were also replaced with MOSFETs of similar RDS(ON). For accuracy, the input and output voltages were measured as close as possible to the actual converter using added terminals. Table 2 summarizes the test setup for the mid-voltage Buck demonstration boards.


The efficiency and equivalent power loss results are shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7, respectively. Measurements were taken with up to 10 A of output current, or until total converter power loss reached 10 W; whichever occurred first. These results clearly show the significant improvement of between four and eight percentage points in efficiency between MOSFETS and eGaN FETs. More telling is the fact that at the points where the MOSFET-based converter power losses reach 10 W, the eGaN FET-based converter losses are less than half by comparison ? reducing power converter loss by 50%.


Both low-voltage and mid-voltages converters showed a significant improvement in efficiency of between three and eight percentage points, although this improvement is more dramatic for the mid-voltage comparison. These results clearly show that this generation of eGaN FETs offers a distinct advantage over vertical MOSFET devices for device voltages down to 30 V.



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